Interactivity on social media can only be the product of communication between people. On Facebook, Instagram or Twitter we can see a post that was written by a person hiding behind a fake profile, or that was not written by a person at all. We may also see likes, comments, or distributions that have been made from fake profiles, or from programs that create and manage fake profiles. Considering the great use of Facebook in Kosovo’s society, but also of social media in general, it is very important to be aware that in the online public sphere you can see posts or actions made by a program run by a person or from false profiles, behind which stand individuals with a different identity. Bots and Trolls are two ways that can create the illusion of the popularity of a politician, a singer or the illusion of the great spread of a certain information or topic. This may lead people to think that, as long as that information is so widespread, it may be true, but in fact, everything is an illusion created by bots or trolls.

The Bots problem

Numerous social media profiles can be 'Bots', short for robots. These profiles are programmed by humans and one person can manage hundreds or thousands of bots. On Facebook we happen to see the involvement in a post of a politician or a public figure, even of dubious profiles. It happens in order to artificially create interactivity in certain posts or topics, consequently for them to be seen by a larger number of people. During the period from January - September 2020, Facebook blocked over 4.5 billion bot profiles, while in 2019, it blocked over 5 billion bot profiles.

The Trolls problem

Unlike Bots, it is real people who stand behind the Trolls, not a program. Trolls are fake profiles that are directly managed by humans, so there is no automatic feedback or certain programming. Trolls are those profiles that are involved in online communication but do not represent a person’s identity, it could be a fake name or a photo taken from the internet. This makes Trolls even more dangerous because they can look more reliable and at the same time, it can be even harder to spot them as being fake profiles. As with Bots, Trolls are mostly used to influence any online discussion, post or message. Such was the case with the comments found in a post of the "Gazeta Blic" newspaper, when the Trolls were used to give direction to the position of the public on the issue raised by the media in the post, regarding the reaction of the police to the PSD activists. While many people thought that the police had reacted harshly, others through the Trolls tried to dominate the discussion by answering 'no' to the portal's question.

Tackling Bots and Trolls

The online public sphere can be contaminated by fake profiles. Despite attempts by giants such as Facebook or Twitter to shut down Bots and Trolls, still, a large number of fake profiles circulate on these social media. This raises the need for everyone to be careful not to be manipulated by Bots or Trolls, as well as to help eliminate them by reporting them as fake profiles, according to the form regulated by Facebook, Twitter or other social media.

So, when browsing the internet, we need to be aware that a large number of likes, comments or distributions of a certain post does not mean that it reflects the real number of people involved in this interactivity. The online public sphere is often contaminated by Bots and Trolls, fake profiles that are used for certain purposes to manipulate people’s beliefs.

About the author

Dr Dren Gërguri is a lecturer at the Department of Journalism, University of Prishtina, Kosovo; he is also a journalist, trainer, blogger, political affairs and countering disinformation expert.

Inspiration

If you are interested in the topic of internet content manipulation, check out this instructional video made by Dren Gërguri on "Cheapfakes as a form of content manipulation" and learn how they can be made in a few minutes: